What characterizes an "experiment" in sociological research?

An experiment in sociological research is characterized by a controlled approach where researchers manipulate one or more independent variables and observe the effects on dependent variables. This setup allows sociologists to establish cause-and-effect relationships by carefully controlling external factors that might influence the outcomes.

By manipulating variables, researchers can determine how changes in one aspect of social behavior or phenomena affect another. This controlled environment distinguishes experiments from other research methods, where the researcher might only observe or collect data without intervention.

In contrast, the other options involve different methodologies that do not focus on manipulation of variables. For instance, combining observation with theoretical analysis often implies a more interpretive approach rather than an experimental one. Purely observational studies avoid interference and do not manipulate any variables, making them less suited for establishing causal relationships. Surveys focusing on historical data gather information without experimental manipulation, which limits the ability to assess the causal dynamics the way experiments do.